- #APPLE COMPUTER WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM MANUAL#
- #APPLE COMPUTER WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM PORTABLE#
- #APPLE COMPUTER WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM CODE#
On the tape, information could be stored, replayed (that is, retyped automatically from the stored information), corrected, reprinted as many times as needed, and then erased and reused for other projects. 14 With this, for the first time, typed material could be edited without having to retype the whole text or chop up a coded copy. Magnetic tape was the first reusable storage medium for typed information. In 1964 IBM brought out the MT/ST (Magnetic Tape/Selectric Typewriter), which combined the features of the Selectric with a magnetic tape drive. This could print faster than the traditional typewriter. In 1961 IBM introduced the Selectric typewriter, which replaced the standard movable carriage and individual typestrikers with a revolving typeball (often refered to as a "golfball" or "walnut"). Long passages of text could be deleted or moved by literally cutting the tape and pasting it back together.
#APPLE COMPUTER WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM CODE#
This had a key that allowed the deletion of mistakes from the tape and copies by punching a "non-print" code over the code for the character erroniously typed.
The bulky paper roll machine was succeeded by a device called the Flexowriter, which used paper tape. 11 With the automatic typewriter, it was possible to produce multiple typed copies of form letters identical in appearance to the hand-typed original, without the intermediary of carbons, photocopiers or typesetting. It was a sort of "player typewriter," punch-coding text onto paper rolls similar to those used in player pianos, which could later be used to activate the keys of the typewriter in the same order as the initial typing. The Shultz machine's main innovation was automatic storage of information for later retrieval. Shultz Company's introduction of the automatic or repetitive typewriter, perhaps the greatest step from the typewriter towards modern word processing. 9 It "greatly increased typing speeds and quickly gained wide acceptance in the business community." 10 In the 1930s IBM introduced a more refined version, the IBM Electromatic. Thomas Edison patented an electric typewriter in 1872, but the first workable model was not introduced until the 1920s.
#APPLE COMPUTER WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM PORTABLE#
7 Typewriting was put within the reach of individuals by the development of portable models, first marketed in the early 1900s. Businesses, which had hitherto had their records and correspondence written and copied by hand, found their paperwork could be done more quickly and legibly on the typewriter. 6Įventually, at first in the corporate sector, the typewriter began to catch on. These included: the shift key, which made it possible to type both capital and lower-case letters with the same keys (1878) printing on the upper side of the roller (1880) and the tab key, permitting the setting of margins (1897). 5Īcceptance of the typewriter was slow at first, but was facilitated over the next several years by various improvements. 4 The main drawback of this model was that it printed on the underside of the roller, so that the typist could not view his work until he had finished. It began to be marketed commercially in 1874, rather improbably by a gun manufacturing company, E.
#APPLE COMPUTER WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM MANUAL#
3Ĭhristopher Latham Sholes, with the assistance of two colleagues, invented the first successful manual typewriter in 1867. The fact that almost nothing is known about his early version today is evidence of its lack of success. Henry Mill, an English engineer of the early eighteenth century, is credited with its invention. But the first major advance from manual writing as far as the individual was concerned was the typewriter. The invention of printing and moveable type at the end of the Middle Ages 2 was the initial step in this automation. 1 The history of word processing is the story of the gradual automation of the physical aspects of writing and editing, and the refinement of the technology to make it available to individual and corporate users. It evolved from the needs of writers rather than those of mathemeticians, only later merging with the computer field. Word processing did not develop out of computer technology. It reflects the industry situation of that time, and should not be used either as a guide to current industry standards or to the present state of the art. 61 class at Foothill College, Los Altos Hills, California. Note: This paper was written in December, 1986 for a CIS 50 - Sec.
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